Causes of Secondary Hypertension

Gender of the patient

• acute glomerulonephritis?

• thrombotic microangiopathy?

• cardiorenal syndrome (heart failure, etc)?

• chronic renal disease (nephritis, etc)?

• diabetic nephropathy?

• hemodialysis?

• hydronephrosis?

• IgA nephritis?

• MYH9 nephropathy?

• obstructive uropathy?

• polycystic kidney disease?

• post-renal transplant?

• radiation nephropathy?

• scleroderma and other autoimmune nephropathies?

• aortic valvular insufficiency?

• aortitis?

• large arteriovenous fistula?

• atherosclerosis?

• coarctation of the aorta?

• increased cardiac output?

• patent ductus arteriosus?

• renal arterial stenosis or aneurysm?

• vasculitis?

• acromegaly?

• apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME)?

• congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

• Cushing's Syndrome?

• Gordon syndrome?

• hyperparathyoidism?

• hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)?

• hypothryoidism?

• Liddle Syndrome?

• polycystic ovary syndrome?

• primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's Syndrome)?

• familial hyperaldosteronism Type 1?

• factitous diseasse involving hormone self-inejection?

• obesity?

• metabolic syndrome?

• obstructive sleep apnea?

• anabolic or corticosteroids?

• anesthetics (ketamine, desflurane)?

• analgesics including NSAIDS and COX-2 selective inhibitors?

• cyclosporine or tacrolimus?

• drugs of abuse including amphetamine, cocaine, ethanol, methamphetamine and nicotine?

• erythropoietin or darbopoetin-alfa?

• herbal remedies?

• hormones (thyroid, glucagons, growth)?

• licorice (liquorice)?

• sympathomimetic drugs including decongestants and anorexiants?

• toxins (heavy metals, venoms, pesticides, ergot alkaloids)?

• tyramine-rich food in conjunction with a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor?

• other drugs causing hypertension?

• alcohol withdrawal?

• discontinuation of beta-blockers or other antihypertensive medications?

• discontinuation of centrally-acting alpha receptor agonists (clonidine, methyldopa)?

• pre-eclampsia or eclampsia?

• tumor producing aldosterone?

• tumor producing catecholamines (pheochromocytoma, carcinoid tumor, other)?

• tumor producing renin?

• autonomic overactivity?

• baroreceptor dysfunction?

• Guillain Barre syndrome (GBS)?

• head injury?

• increased intracranial pressure (brain tumor, encephalitis, etc)?

• quadriplegia?

• any acute stress ?

• acute porphyria?

• anxiety disorder?

• autoantibody directed against the beta adrenergic receptor?

• high altitude?

• Paget's disease of bone?

• perioperative?

• severe burns?

• sickle cell disease (crisis, nephropathy)?

• thiamine deficiency (beriberi)?