Muckart et al developed the King Edward System (KES) for predicting mortality for critically ill trauma patients without head trauma. The authors are from King Edward VIII Hospital and University of Natal in Durban, South Africa.
Patient selection: critically ill trauma patients without head injury
Parameters:
(1) mean arterial pressure (MAP) in mm Hg
(2) body temperature in °C
(3) ratio of PaO2 to FIO2 (with FIO2 a decimal fraction from 0.21 to 1.00)