Thrombosis of the superior vena cava can lead to the superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS), which can be a medical emergency. Diagnosis may be delayed because it is uncommon.
Risk factors:
(1) cancer or other hypercoagulable state
(2) central intravascular catheter
(3) leads for a medical device (pacemaker, defibrillator, etc)
Features of the superior vena cava syndrome:
(1) congestion and swelling of the head, neck and upper extremities
(2) cervical venous distention
(3) cerebral, visual and/or respiratory symptoms
A frequent complication is a pulmonary embolism.
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