Animals – contact with live animal or waste products:
(1) pigs
(2) cows
(3) poultry
(4) dogs
(5) cats
(6) sheeps and goats
(7) other mammals
Yersinia enterocolitica has been isolated from insects (fleas, flies), birds, frogs, snails, and ocean life (fish, oysters, crabs).
Food:
(1) raw milk
(2) pork, beef, lamb or poulty, especially if raw
(3) whipped creasm
(4) ice cream
(5) cutting boards used for preparing food
Environmental (serotypes may not be associated with human infection):
(1) lakes or streams
(2) spring or well water
(3) soil
(4) vegetables (risk increased if fertilized with excrement or if raw)
Other:
(1) blood transfusion
Farmers and abattoir workers are at increased risk.
