Risk of Cardiac Events Associated with Noncardiac Surgery Based on the Type of Procedure

The risk of a cardiac event associated with a noncardiac surgical procedure can be estimated from the nature of the procedure.

Risk of Cardiac Event	Noncardiac Procedure
high ( > 5%)	emergency surgery, particularly in an elderly patient
	aortic or other major vascular surgery
	peripheral vascular surgery
	prolonged surgery with major fluid shifts and/or blood loss
intermediate (1-5 %)	carotid endarterectomy
	head or neck surgery
	intraperitoneal or intrathoracic surgery
	major orthopedic surgery
	prostate surgery
low ( < 1%)	endoscopy
	superficial procedures
	cataract surgery
	breast surgery
	minor orthopedic surgery

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