Hypercoagulable state in either the mother or fetus:
(1) Factor V Leiden (G1691A), which is associated with Activated Protein C (APC) Resistance
(2) Prothrombin G20210A
(3) protein C deficiency
(4) protein S deficiency
(5) antithrombin III deficiency
(6) lipoprotein(a)
(7) elevated homocysteine
(8) lupus anticoagulant
(9) antiphospholipid antibody
(10) fibrinogen(Clauss)
(11) plasminogen defect
(12) Factor VIIIc
Infection in the fetus related to:
(1) chorioamnionitis
(2) meningitis
(3) prolonged rupture of the membranes
(4) other infection
Fetal factors:
(1) black race
(2) male gender
(3) polycythemia
(4) twin-twin transfusion
(5) congenital heart disease
(6) dehydration
(7) mutation in procollagen IVa1
(8) pulmonary hypertension
(9) neonatal hypoglycemia
(10) extracorporal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
(11) intrauterine growth retardation
Maternal factors:
(1) infertility therapy
(2) autoimmune disease
(3) preeclampsia or eclampsia
where:
• A mild protein S deficiency occurs during pregnancy.
• Screening the mother for cocaine and/or methamphetamine abuse may be considered if all of the above are absent.
