Landzberg et al listed risk factors associated with the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in a patient with congenital heart disease. The author is from Children's Hospital and Harvard University in Boston.
Risk factors for development of PAH:
(1) type of the congenital heart defect
(2) large defect
(3) high flow rate through and/or high pressure across the shunt
Defect
Risk of PAH
truncus arteriosus
high risk
atrioventricular canal defect
high risk
ventricular septal defect (VSD)
moderate risk
atrial septal defect (ASD)
low risk
A patient at increased risk for PAH is also more likely to experience an earlier age of onset.
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