Patient selection: hospital inpatient
Risk factors for ADRs include:
(1) older age
(2) female sex
(3) larger number of medications (hazard ratio 1.14 per drug)
Drugs most frequently involved:
(1) loop diuretics
(2) opioids
(3) anticoagulants (oral, heparin)
(4) antibiotics (cephalosporins, macrolides, aminoglycosides)
(5) systemic corticosteroids
(6) inhaled beta-agonists
(7) fibrinolytics
Manifestations may include:
(1) bleeding
(2) Clostridium difficile disease
(3) electrolyte abnormalities
(4) hypotension
(5) renal insufficiency/failure
(6) constipation
(7) confusion or sedation
(8) thrombocytopenia or neutropenia
(9) abnormal liver function tests
(10) nausea or vomiting
(11) diarrhea
(12) ileus
(13) dizziness
(14) skin rash
(15) itching
(16) bradycardia or tachycardia
(17) opportunistic Candida infection
