Risk factors:
(1) presence of a genetic syndrome (based on chromosomal studies and/or phenotypic features)
(2) primary blood stream infection (BSI, sepsis)
(3) immunodeficiency state
(4) COPD (secondary to chronic lung disease)
(5) gastric aspiration
(6) mechanical ventilation for > 3 days
Risk factors related to care:
(1) transportation out of the ICU (to the operating room or radiology)
(2) reintubation
(3) continuous enteral feeding
Risk factors related to drug therapy:
(1) previous antibiotic use
(2) immunosuppressive therapy, including corticosteroids
(3) neuromuscular blockade
