Risk factors for penicillin-resistant or multi-drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae:
(1) age > 65 years
(2) exposure to a child in a day care center
(3) therapy with a beta-lactam antibiotic within the past 3 months
(4) alcoholism
(5) immunosuppression, either disease or drug induced (including corticosteroids)
(6) multiple medical comorbidities
Risk factors for enteric Gram-negative bacteria:
(1) residence in a nursing home
(2) underlying cardiopulmonary disease
(3) multiple medical comorbidities
(4) recent antibiotic therapy
Risk factors for Pseudomonas aeruginosa:
(1) bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis or other structural lung disease
(2) corticosteroid therapy (daily dose of prednisone > 10 mg)
(3) broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy for > 7 days during the past month
(4) malnutrition
