Risk factors associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix:
(1) coitus starting at an early age
(2) coitus with multiple partners
(3) coitus with a high-risk male (see below)
(4) use of oral contraceptives
(5) cigarette smoking
(6) multiparity
(7) history of sexually transmitted disease
(8) no screening for cervical dysplasia or cancer (Pap test, etc.)
Features of a high-risk male partner:
(1) history of numerous sexual partners
(2) presence of penile condylomas
(3) presence of penile cancer
(4) long-term sexual contact with a woman developing cervical high grade dysplasia or cancer
(5) presence of HPV-DNA from penis
