The vast majority of people who use a probiotic do so with no or minor problems. Some patients may develop serious infectious complications (bacteremia, endocarditis, visceral abscess) associated with probiotic use.
Patients at risk for serious infectious complications associated with probiotic use:
(1) severe immunosuppression (HIV, organ transplant, Hodgkin's disease, etc)
(2) central venous catheter (especially after manipulation)
(3) critical illness (ICU)
(4) short bowel syndrome or active colitis
(5) other severe comorbid conditions
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