Bleeding disorder (biopsy after reversal or treatment of bleeding disorder):
(1) congenital or acquired bleeding disorder
(2) anticoagulation with heparin or coumadin
(3) antiplatelet agent
Increased risk of bleeding:
(1) severe hypertension
(2) renal amyloidosis
(3) polyarteritis nodosa
Increased risk of trauma:
(1) inexperienced operator without supervision
(2) lack of ultrasonography or other imaging modality
(3) uncooperative or constantly moving patient (may be possible with sedation and restraint)
Increased risk of perinephric abscess:
(1) sepsis
(2) untreated pyelonephritis
Reduced risk if performed under direct observation (open biopsy or real time imaging with an experienced operator):
(1) solitary or horseshoe kidney
(2) renal mass lesion
(3) marked hydronephrosis
(4) polycystic kidney disease
Information obtained may not justify risk:
(1) chronic renal failure with bilateral small and contracted kidneys
(2) no clear indication
Lack of informed consent
