Patient selection: civilian with penetrating brain injury
Outcome: arterial injury
Predictors for arterial injury on multivariate analysis:
(1) wound trajectory in close proximity (< 2 cm) to the Circle of Willis (odds ratio 6.8)
(2) subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
(3) increased SAH severity by a modified Hijdra score (from 0 to 18, with risk associated with score >=3)
(4) intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH)
(5) increased intraventricular hemorrhage score by a modified Graeb score (from 0 to 12, with risk associated with score (>= 3)
Predictors from univariate analysis:
(1) entry over the frontobasal-temporal region (frontobasal = maxillary, zygomatic, frontal)
(2) bihemispheric wound trajectory
