Complications:
(1) bleeding
(2) ecchymoses or hematoma formation
(3) cellulitis or other infection
(4) viral hepatitis B, or other infection transmitted by nonsterilized instruments
(5) scarring (phimosis, buried penis, meatal stenosis, adhesions, chordee, etc)
(6) accidental trauma during the procedure (urethral injury, removal of part of glans, castration)
(7) interference with erectile function
(8) pain
(9) urethrocutaneous fistula
(10) burns from excessive cautery
(11) vascular thrombosis with ischemic injury
Complications associated with local anesthetic:
(1) ischemic necrosis, especially if epinephrine is included in the anesthetic
(2) accidental intravascular injection, with systemic toxicity
(3) hypersensitivity reaction
(4) methemoglobinemia
(5) complications if wrong drug injected
Risk factors for complications:
(1) inadequate restraint
(2) use of nonsterile instruments or technique
(3) use of inappropriate instruments
(4) genital malformations
(5) inexperienced, intoxicated or impaired operator
(6) coagulopathy or hypercoagulable state
(7) immunodeficiency
(8) natural disaster during procedure
(9) poor visibility in the operative field
(10) use of epinephrine in local anesthetic
(11) unmarked or mislabeled drugs
