Distal Limb Ischemia Associated with Intra-Arterial Catheter

• thrombosis or other arterial occlusion?

• no or poor collateral circulation ?

• severe peripheral vascular disease?

• vasospasm?

• smoking?

• diabetes mellitus?

• hyperlipidemia?

• end-stage renal disease?

• cancer?

• a hypercoagulable state (DIC, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, etc.)?

• shock and/or therapy with vasopressors?

• previous surgery or trauma to the limb?

• loss of distal pulse?

• paresthesias or pain in the arterial distribution?

• cyanosis or dusky discoloration of the distal limb?

• loss of distal sensory and/or motor function?

• loss of blood flow on Doppler flow or other imaging studies?

Risk of permanent ischemic injury