Clinical findings in a neonate born to a mother with gestational diabetes:
(1) size and weight are usually (but not always) large for gestational age, often with macrosomia (> 4,000 grams or greater than the 90th percentile for weight at the gestational age)
(2) hepatomegaly and/or splenomegaly
(3) respiratory distress syndrome
(4) hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with or without congestive heart failure
(5) hypoglycemia secondary to beta cell hyperplasia in the pancreatic islets
(6) hypocalcemia
(7) hypomagnesemia (secondary to maternal hypomagnesemia)
(8) hyperbilirubinemia
(9) polycythemia
(10) hyperviscosity secondary to the polycythemia
(11) complications following difficult delivery, including fractures of the clavicle or humerus, shoulder dystocia, brachial plexus injury, phrenic nerve injury, forceps-related head injuries, perinatal asphyxia, others
