Causes of high-flow priapism:
(1) arteriovenous shunt (post-traumatic, other)
Causes of low-flow priapism:
(1) hemoglobinopathy (sickle cell disease, thalassemia, etc)
(2) polycythemia
(3) leukemia or lymphoma
(4) thrombocytopenia
(5) hypercoagulable states (systemic thromboembolic states)
(6) primary or metastatic carcinoma (penis, prostate, bladder)
(7) tularemia
(8) Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF)
(9) mumps
(10) diabetic autonomic neuropathy
(11) spinal cord lesion
(12) CNS lesion
(13) dialysis
(14) total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
(15) drugs and/or alcohol
(16) genital trauma
