Delayed Gastric Emptying, Gastric Atony and Gastroparesis

• an acute stressor (severe pain, cold, other)?

• therapy with an anticholinergic agent?

• therapy with a beta-adrenergic agent?

• therapy with levodopa?

• therapy with morphine or other opioid?

• heavy smoking?

• hyperglycemia?

• hypokalemia?

• hypothyroidism?

• acute viral gastroenteritis?

• a history of recent surgery?

• insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?

• postvagotomy?

• gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

• scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis)?

• systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

• amyloidosis?

• dermatomyositis?

• myotonic dystrophy or other muscular dystrophy?

• disorder of the autonomic nervous system?

• a brainstem tumor?

• spinal cord injury?

• paraneoplastic syndrome (lung carcinoma, other)?

• post-radiation injury?

• porphyria?

• neurofibromatosis?

• ischemic gastropathy?

• anorexia nervosa?

• chronic idiopathic pseudo-obstruction?

Is there evidence of mechanical obstruction to gastric emptying?