Frost heave refers to ground expansion related to freezing temperatures. Some of the ground expansion is due to the increase in molar volume as ice freezes, but formation of ice lenses inside columns of soil causes most of the change in volume.
Conditions:
(1) soil with high water content
(2) cyclic freezing and thawing of the ground in a cold climate (which allows more water to penetrate deeper)
Frost heave results in expansion of the soil which lifts or compresses. This can result in significant pressure on rigid structures.
Structures that may be damaged by frost heave:
(1) roads and sidewalks (with cracks, uneven surfaces and potholes)
(2) foundations
In addition, structures on the ground may be lifted upwards.
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