Immunosuppression may take the form of:
(1) HIV disease
(2) transplant recipient
(3) hereditary immunodeficiency
(4) chronic therapy with corticosteroids
(5) therapy with targeted anti-immune agent (anti-TNF, other)
(6) possibly pregnancy
The patient may present with:
(1) recurrence of echinococcosis from a dormant focus
(2) progression of existing foci
(3) systemic dissemination
Monitoring of the patient may involve:
(1) PET scan
(2) serial titers of IgG antibodies to echinococcosis
Management may involve:
(1) reduction in immunosuppressive therapy
(2) therapy for an immunodeficiency
(3) chronic therapy with benzimidazole (parasitostatic agent)
(4) theoretically interferon alpha
