A number of drugs are capable of causing drug-induced phospholipidosis (DIP).
The drugs capable of causing phospholipidosis are referred to as "cationic amphiphilic drugs (CAD)". These drugs have a cationic (positively charged) lipophilic structure with:
(1) a hydrophilic domain consisting of one or more primary or substitute nitrogen groups that are positively charged at physiologic pH
(2) a hydrophobic domain with an aromatic and/or aliphatic ring structure that may be substituted with one or more halogen moieties
Classes of drugs capable of causing DIP include:
(1) anti-arrhythmic drugs
(2) antibiotics
(3) antipsychotic agents
(4) antidepressants
(5) anti-anginal drugs
(6) antimalarial drugs
(7) anorexic agents
(8) cholesterol lowering drugs
Drugs associated with phospholipidosis include:
(1) amiodarone
(2) amitryptyline
(3) chloramphenicol
(4) chlorcyclizine
(5) chloroquine
(6) chlorpheneramine
(7) chlorpromazine or promazine
(8) coralgil
(9) disobutamide
(10) fluoxetine
(11) gentamicin
(12) imipramine
(13) ketoconazole
(14) perhexiline maleate
(15) phentermine
(16) promethazine
(17) propranolol
(18) synthetic estrogens
(19) tamoxifen
(20) thioridazine
(21) trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX)
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