Differential diagnosis of painful ophthalmoplegia:
(1) orbital myositis, primary or secondary
(2) Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS)
(3) ophthalmoplegic migraine
(4) diabetic ocular mononeuropathy
(5) optic neuritis
(6) carotid cavernous fistula (CCF)
(7) other vascular disorders (aneurysm, carotid dissection, thrombosis)
(8) infection (bacterial, fungal, tuberculosis)
(9) IgG4-related ophthalmic disease (IgG4-ROD)
(10) tumor (primary parasellar, or metastatic)
(11) trauma
