Bauer listed conditions in the differential diagnosis of hematuria. The author is from the Palo Alto Medical Foundation in California.
Sites of origin or causes for red blood cells in the urine:
(1) glomerular
(2) renal, nonglomerular
(3) postrenal
(4) hematologic
(5) false-positive hematuria
Differential diagnosis of hematuria:
(1) IgA nephropathy
(2) other causes of glomerulonephritis
(3) Alport's syndrome
(4) benign familial hematuria
(5) strenuous exercise (running, etc)
(6) renal infarct
(7) renal vein thrombosis
(8) tuberculosis
(9) pyelonephritis
(10) polycystic kidney disease
(11) medullary sponge kidney
(12) interstitial nephritis
(13) renal neoplasm
(14) vascular malformation
(15) trauma
(16) papillary necrosis
(17) nephrolithiasis
(18) tumors of the lower urinary tract
(19) cystitis
(20) prostatitis
(21) urethritis
(22) foreign bodies of bladder or urethra
(23) benign prostatic hypertrophy
(24) obstruction
(25) coagulopathy
(26) anticoagulation
(27) sickle cell anemia or trait
(28) vaginal bleeding
(29) fictitious bleeding
(30) pseudo-hematuria/pigmenturia (hemoglobinuria, myoglobulinemia, porphyria, food, drug)
