Serum concentrations of brain natriuretic peptides (BNP) may be elevated for a number of clinical reasons.
Brain natriuretic peptides: BNP, NT-proBNP
Cardiac causes:
(1) heart failure
(2) acute coronary syndromes
(3) heart muscle disease
(4) valvular heart disease
(5) pericardial disease
(6) atrial fibrillation
(7) myocarditis
(8) cardiac surgery
(9) cardioversion
(10) toxic-metabolic myocardial injury (including cancer chemotherapy)
Noncardiac causes:
(1) advancing age
(2) anemia
(3) renal failure
(4) obstructive sleep apnea
(5) severe pneumonia
(6) pulmonary hypertension
(7) critical illness
(8) sepsis
(9) severe burns
