Nole and Garbalosa listed criteria for identifying a patient with abnormal foot pronation. These features can help identify patients who may benefit from a functional foot orthoses.
Features of abnormal pronation:
(1) Pronation of the subtalar joint (STJ) > 6 degrees (normal 4-6 degrees).
(2) The foot pronates at the wrong time, resulting in a disruption of the normal kinetic sequence.
(3) Recurrent pronation with every step, with repetitive microtrauma.
(4) Pronation occurring at a joint other than the subtalar joint, often in compensation to limited motion in the STJ..
(5) Destructive compensatory motion in non-STJ planes of motion.
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