Conditions that may predispose to encrusted uropathy:
(1) urological instrumentation (catheterization, stenting, nephrostomy)
(2) endoscopic or surgical urologic procedure
(3) recent urinary tract infection
(4) chronic debilitating disease (diabetes, cirrhosis, chronic renal insufficiency, etc)
(5) immunosuppression
(6) long-term hospitalization (>= 1 week)
(7) antibiotic therapy in the previous 3 months
(8) urothelial tumor, benign or malignant
(9) neurogenic bladder dysfunction
(10) congenital uropathy
(11) urolithiasis
(12) urinary tract obstruction (benign prostatic hypertrophy, stenosis)
(13) radiation cystitis
(14) drug-induced cystitis or intravesical instillation of mitomycin, adriamycin or BCG
(15) malakoplakia
