Transient - dehydration with hemoconcentration
Parathyroid related, with hyperparathyroidism:
(1) parathyroid hyperplasia
(2) parathyroid adenoma
(3) parathyroid carcinoma
(4) familial hyperparathyroidism
(5) MEN 1 or 2 (familial multiple endocrine neoplasia)
Cancer-related:
(1) multiple myeloma
(2) metastatic carcinoma
(3) malignant lymphoma with excess production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
(4) VIPoma (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide)
(5) other paraneoplastic (parathyroid hormone like peptide, growth factors, cytokines, etc)
Endocrinopathy:
(1) hyperthyroidism
(2) hypothyroidism
(3) acromegaly
(4) adrenal insufficiency
(5) pheochromocytoma
Granulomatous disease:
(1) sarcoidosis
(2) tuberculosis
(3) coccidioidomycosis
(4) berylliosis
(5) leprosy
Drug, toxic or nutrition associated:
(1) lithium
(2) thiazide diuretics
(3) vitamin A overdose
(4) vitamin D overdose
(5) hyperalimentation regimen
(6) milk-alkali syndrome
(7) foscarnet
(8) testosterone
(9) estrogens or anti-estrogens
(10) aluminum intoxication in chronic renal failure
Renal:
(1) familial hypocalcuric hypercalcemia
(2) acute renal failure
(3) chronic renal failure (typically with secondary hyperparathyroidism)
(4) post renal transplant
Miscellaneous:
(1) idiopathic hypercalcemia of infancy
(2) immobilization (with osteoporosis)
(3) specimen or laboratory error
