General:
(1) hemorrhage, which may be minor or major
(2) false placement of cannula into an extratracheal site (especially during emergency reinsertion following decannulation)
(3) hypoxia (during prolonged suctioning or delay in oxygenation)
(4) cardiopulmonary arrest
(5) tube obstruction from mucus plug, blood clot or impingement on the posterior tracheal wall
(6) cuff leak (if a cuffed tube is used)
Fistula:
(1) tracheocutaneous
(2) between trachea and innominate artery
(3) tracheoesophageal
(4) between trachea, esophagus and innominate artery
Air dissection and barotrauma:
(1) pneumothorax
(2) subcutaneous emphysema
(3) mediastinal emphysema
Infection:
(1) peristomal cellulitis
(2) tracheobronchitis
(3) aspiration pneumonia
Tracheal and/or laryngeal injury:
(1) hoarseness
(2) tracheal stenosis
(3) tracheomalacia
(4) tracheal ring rupture
(5) damage to posterior tracheal wall
Other:
(1) damage to thyroid gland
(2) major nerve injury
