Description

Prolonged hiccupping can result in a number of adverse effects for the patient.


 

Nutrition:

(1) vomiting

(2) weight loss

(3) malnutrition

(4) dehydration

 

Cardiovascular:

(1) heart block

(2) bradycardia

(3) cardiac arrhythmia

(4) carotid dissection

 

Respiratory:

(1) dyspnea and/or hypoxia

(2) aspiration

 

Emotional and cognitive:

(1) anxiety

(2) depression

(3) sleep deprivation

(4) fatigue

 

Other:

(1) subcutaneous emphysema and/or pneumomediastinum

(2) wound dehiscence

(3) speech impairment

 


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