Prolonged hiccupping can result in a number of adverse effects for the patient.
Nutrition:
(1) vomiting
(2) weight loss
(3) malnutrition
(4) dehydration
Cardiovascular:
(1) heart block
(2) bradycardia
(3) cardiac arrhythmia
(4) carotid dissection
Respiratory:
(1) dyspnea and/or hypoxia
(2) aspiration
Emotional and cognitive:
(1) anxiety
(2) depression
(3) sleep deprivation
(4) fatigue
Other:
(1) subcutaneous emphysema and/or pneumomediastinum
(2) wound dehiscence
(3) speech impairment
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Specialty: Gastroenterology
