Parameters affecting complications:
(1) severity of cerebral malformation
(2) severity of associated craniofacial malformations
Complications:
(1) developmental delay
(2) delayed growth
(3) panhypopituitarism
(4) defective motor development and function, with spasticity, dystonia, hypotonia and/or chorea
(5) hydrocephalus
(6) blindness or defective vision
(7) difficulty swallowing, with need for nutritional support and risk of aspiration pneumonia
(8) defective hypothalamic and brainstem function affecting body temperature, heart rate, respirations, sleep
(9) extrapyramidal neurologic deficits (dystonia, choreiform movements, other)
(10) problems with communication, including language delay
(11) seizures
