Patient selection: COVID-19 infection
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Disease Status
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Stage
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mild, early
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Stage I
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pulmonary without hypoxia
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Stage IIa
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pulmonary with hypoxia
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Stage IIb
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severe with systemic hyperinflammation
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Stage III
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Stage I
(1) mild constitutional symptoms (malaise, fever, dry cough, headache, diarrhea)
(2) variable lymphopenia
Stage II
(1) shortness of breath; hypoxia if PaO2/FIO2 < 300 mm Hg
(2) viral pneumonia
(3) imaging studies show bilateral infiltrates or ground-glass opacities
(4) lymphopenia
(5) elevations AST and/or ALT
(6) mild to moderate increase in markers of systemic inflammation
(7) stage IIb may be associated with mechanical ventilation
Stage III
(1) marked increase in markers of systemic inflammation with increase cytokines
(2) shock
(3) ARDS, respiratory failure (refractory hypoxemia)
(4) cardiopulmonary collapse
(5) cardiac involvement, cardiac failure
(6) multi-organ failure (MOF)
(7) elevated markers of poor prognosis: LDH, D-dimer, NT pro-BNP, troponin
