Hepatolithiasis may be associated with a spectrum of clinical findings. The Japanese Hepatolithiasis Research Group report a grading scheme for clinical signs and symptoms.
Clinical Symptoms
Grade
none (asymptomatic)
I
abdominal pain
II
transient jaundice or cholangitis
III
continuous jaundice, sepsis, cholangiocarcinoma (late complications)
IV
Cholangitis may present with:
(1) fever
(2) nausea and vomiting
(3) abdominal pain
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Specialty: Gastroenterology
