Clinical findings:
(1) ecchymoses
(2) prolonged bleeding from puncture sites, incisions and wounds
(3) bleeding from mucosal surfaces:
(3a) epistaxis
(3b) gastrointestinal bleeding
(3c) hematuria
(3d) menorrhagia in the female
(4) hemorrhagic effusions (pleural, pericardial)
(5) subdural and/or intracranial bleeding (especially if hypertensive)
(6) retroperitoneal bleeding
The bleeding tendency worsens with increasing azotemia and improves after dialysis.
Findings unusual in uremic bleeding:
(1) hemarthroses
(2) intramuscular hematomas
(3) delayed bleeding
Laboratory findings:
(1) elevated BUN (typically > 100 mg/dL)
(2) prolonged bleeding time
(3) abnormal platelet function tests
