If the carcinoma releases excessive parathyroid hormone ("functional"), then the patient may have hypercalcemia, often with recurrent kidney stones.
If the carcinoma does not release parathyroid hormone ("nonfunctional"), then it can be asymptomatic for some time.
Clinical presentations may include:
(1) neck mass
(2) distant metastasis, including pathologic fracture
(3) acute pancreatitis (associated with hypercalcemia)
(4) part of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1
(5) spontaneous massive extracapsular hemorrhage
(6) elevated blood concentration of calcitonin (rare)
(7) hoarseness
(8) chronic renal failure (associated with hypercalcemia)
