Clinical Features of Emphysematous Cystitis

 

Risk factors:

(1) female gender

(2) advanced age

(3) diabetes mellitus

(4) immunosuppression

(5) chronic liver disease

(6) obstruction in the urinary tract

 

Causative organisms:

(1) E. coli

(2) Klebsiella pneumoniae

(3) Clostridium species

(4) Candida species

 

Clinical findings:

(1) fever

(2) lower abdominal pain

(3) hematuria

(4) pyuria

(5) signs of urosepsis

(6) hypotension with multi-organ failure in severe cases

 

Radiologic findings:

(1) gas bubbles in the bladder wall

(2) in severe cases the gas bubbles spread up the ureters, into the kidney, and then the perinephric soft tissue