Bezemer et al identified clinical criteria for identifying a patient with mucosal leishmaniasis in rural South America. These can help to identify a patient who should undergo further testing. The authors are from multiple institutions in South America, Europe and Canada.
Patient: patient in rural South America at risk for mucosal leishmaniasis
Screening criteria:
(1) male gender
(2) age > 15 years
(3) symptom duration > 4 months
(4) ulcer of the nasal mucosa
Additional findings may include:
(1) epistaxis
(2) nasal deformity
(3) oropharyngeal lesion
(4) dysphagia or odynophagia
(5) lesions consistent with cutaneous leishmaniasis
Diagnosis was achieved with:
(1) histopathology
(2) smear examination
(3) PCR
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