Torres-Parada et al evaluated patients with post-stroke should pain (PSSP). They separated patients into 2 main phenotypic groups. The authors are from Universidade da Coruna in Spain.
Patient selection: stroke
Patients were classified based on muscle impairment on Daniels manual muscle testing (MMT):
(1) severe muscle impairment (MMT Grade 0 or 1)
(2) intermediate muscle impairment (MMT Grade 2 or 3)
(3) mild muscle impairment (MMT Grade 4 or 5)
There were 2 main phenotypes of shoulder pain - early/rapid and delayed onset.
Features of early/rapid onset:
(1) typically associated with severe muscle impairment
(2) rapid onset and progression
(3) develops into a long-term syndrome, often with persistent pain
(4) includes patients classified as hemiplegic shoulder pain
(5) high rates of sensory deficit, speech impairment and spasticity
Features of delayed onset:
(1) typically associated with mild muscle impairment
(2) usually a short-term condition (less than 3 months)
(3) low rates of sensory deficit, speech impairment or spasticity
