Hammer et al classified the radiological appearance of a fracture during the process of union and resolution. This can be helpful in determining the stage of union.
Parameters:
(1) callus formation
(2) new bone formation
(3) fracture line
Callus Formation
New Bone Formation
Fracture Line
Group
none
none
distinct
5
trace, with no bridging of fracture line
none
distinct
4
present, with bridging of fracture line
none
discernible
3
massive
bone trabeculae cross fracture line
barely discernible
2
NA
homogenous bone structure
obliterated
1
Group
Stage of Union
5
not achieved
4
not achieved
3
uncertain (indeterminate)
2
achieved
1
achieved
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