Classification of Ando et al for Trunk Posture in an Older Adult Based on the Sagittal Appearance

Ando et al classified the major types of posture shown by older adults in Japan based on the appearance from the side.

Each subject was asked to stand up straight and the examination takes place from the side.

Reflective surface markers were placed:

(1) at C7

(2) T6 (level of xyphoid process)

(3) L4

(4) left greater trochanter (facing the viewer)

(5) left lateral malleolus

Term	Description	Types
normal	normal	I
thoracic kyphosis	accentuated curvature to thoracic spine	II
lumbar kyphosis	reversed (posterior; outward rather than inward) curvature of the lumbar spine	III
flat back	straight without thoracic or lumbar curves	IV
lumbar lordosis	increase in anterior curvature of the lumbar spine, with pelvis thrust forward and shoulder back	V

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