Ando et al classified the major types of posture shown by older adults in Japan based on the appearance from the side.
Each subject was asked to stand up straight and the examination takes place from the side.
Reflective surface markers were placed:
(1) at C7
(2) T6 (level of xyphoid process)
(3) L4
(4) left greater trochanter (facing the viewer)
(5) left lateral malleolus
Term |
Description |
Types |
normal |
normal |
I |
thoracic kyphosis |
accentuated curvature to thoracic spine |
II |
lumbar kyphosis |
reversed (posterior; outward rather than inward) curvature of the lumbar spine |
III |
flat back |
straight without thoracic or lumbar curves |
IV |
lumbar lordosis |
increase in anterior curvature of the lumbar spine, with pelvis thrust forward and shoulder back |
V |
Specialty: Surgery, orthopedic
ICD-10: ,