Squires et al reported conditions encountered in pediatric patients with acute liver failure (ALF). The causes overlap with the causes seen in neonates. The authors are from multiple institutions in the United States, Canada and England.
Categories of causes for pediatric acute liver failure"
(1) drugs and chemicals
(2) infectious diseases
(3) inherited metabolic disorders
(4) miscellaneous
Drugs, chemicals and toxins:
(1) acetaminophen
(2) poison mushroom
(3) anesthetics
(4) Bactrim (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole)
(5) cylert (pemoline)
(6) cytoxan
(7) dilantin
(8) isoniazid
(9) iron poisoning
(10) methotrexate
(11) minocycline
(12) pravastatin
(13) valproate
Infectious diseases:
(1) adenovirus
(2) cytomegalovirus (CMV)
(3) Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
(4) enterovirus
(5) hepatitis A
(6) hepatitis C
(7) Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
(8) hepatitis B (not mentioned in listing)
Inherited metabolic disorders:
(1) neonatal iron storage disease
(2) alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
(3) fatty acid oxidation defect
(4) galactosemia
(5) fructose intolerance
(6) mitochondrial disorder
(7) Neimann-Pick disease
(8) respiratory chain defect
(9) Reyes syndrome
(10) tyrosinemia
(11) urea cycle defect
(12) Wilson's disease
Miscellaneous causes:
(1) autoimmune hepatitis
(2) Budd-Chiari syndrome
(3) hemophagocytic syndrome
(4) leukemia
(5) veno-occlusive disease
(6) shock
