Exposures that can cause permanent damage to a surgical instrument:
(1) exposure to caustic chemicals (strong acid, strong base, undiluted bleach)
(2) excessive heating (for example, exposure to open flame)
(3) exposure to a strong electric current
(4) electroplating with metals from other instruments (can occur when instruments made of dissimilar metals come in contact while washing)
(5) exposure to excessive abrasion
(6) exposure to an excessive load (with bending or deformation)
(7) prolonged exposure to salt water
(8) hitting the instrument with a hammer or other solid object
Usage issues that can cause permanent damage to a surgical instrument:
(1) improper use (using for purposes for which the instrument was not intended, such as scissors cutting metal wire or bone)
(2) excessive or prolonged use (worn out, which may indicate the need for a more durable replacement)
Maintenance issues that can cause permanent damage to a surgical instrument:
(1) improper or inadequate care (not in accordance with the manufacturer's instruction)
(2) improper storage condition (not in accordance with the manufacturer's instruction)
(3) improper sharpening
(4) corrosion or rusting of a key component
