The syndrome of catatonia may be caused by both psychiatric and medical disorders.
Psychiatric conditions associated with catatonia:
(1) schizophrenia
(2) major depressive disorder
(3) bipolar disorder
Medical conditions associated with catatonia:
(1) metabolic or endocrine disorders including dehydration
(2) encephalitis (paraneoplastic, infectious, autoimmune, other)
(3) drug intoxication or withdrawal
(4) renal failure
(5) sepsis
Features more often seen in psychiatric catatonia:
(1) mannerisms
(2) impulsivity
(3) waxy flexibility
