Billings et al listed conditions associated with diaphragmatic paralysis. The authors are from the University of Washington in Seattle.
Main categories:
(1) myopathies
(2) neuropathies/neurological
Myopathies:
(1) limb-girdle muscular dystrophy
(2) acid maltase deficiency
(3) hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism
(4) dermatomyositis
(5) systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
(6) mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD)
(7) malnutrition
(8) vitamin B6 deficiency
(9) vitamin B12 deficiency
(10) amyloidosis
(11) idiopathic
Central nervous system lesion:
(1) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
(2) multiple sclerosis (MS)
(3) spinal cord transection
(4) poliomyelitis
(5) cervical spondylosis
Peripheral neuropathy:
(1) Parsonage-Turner brachial plexus neuropathy
(2) Guillain-Barre syndrome
(3) idiopathic neuralgic amyotrophy
(4) diabetic neuropathy
(5) chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP)
Phrenic nerve disorder:
(1) S/P cardiac surgery
(2) blunt trauma
(3) compression by tumor, aneurysm or goiter
(4) post-viral phrenic neuropathy
(5) idiopathic phrenic neuropathy
(6) cervical chiropractic manipulation
