Atrial failure may be due to a number of conditions.
Patient selection: atrial failure
Causes of atria failure:
(1) electrical dyssynchrony
(1a) atrial dyssynchrony (advanced interatrial block; slow intra-atrial conduction velocities)
(1b) left atrioventricular dyssynchrony (first-degree AV block; left bundle branch block; suboptimal pacemaker programming)
(2) booster pump failure and/or reservoir dysfunction
(2a) extensive atrial fibrosis and/or dysfunction (atrial infarction; post-ablation scarring; advanced atrial remodeling; atrial cardiomyopathy)
(2b) fast and/or disorganized atrial activation (atrial fibrillation; focal or reentrant atrial tachycardia)
(3) conduit dysfunction
(3a) severe atrial dilation
(3b) spherical deformation
(3c) altered transmitral pressure gradient
