The occurrence of pulmonary vein stenosis after cardiac surgery can result in bronchial varices.
Patient selection: pulmonary vein stenosis status post cardiac surgery or radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation
Clinical features:
(1) bronchial edema
(2) bronchial mucosa showing hyperemia with a variceal pattern
The varices may decrease in time as collateral circulation improves. They also decrease if the pulmonary vein stenosis is corrected.
