History given: prolonged and strenuous athletic training
Features of the athlete's heart:
(1) left ventricular hypertrophy with increased left ventricular mass
(2) low heart rate
(3) increased pumping capacity
Features distinguishing athlete's heart from other heart diseases:
(1) negative genetic tests for a hereditary disorder
(2) normal geometric indices on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging studies
Features that may be clues to an underlying cardiomyopathy (Czimbalmos et al):
(1) EDWT (end-diastolic wall thickness) between 13-16 mm
(2) abnormal ECG (pathologic Q wave, T wave inversion, etc)
(3) diastolic dysfunction
(4) abnormal apical morphology
(5) intramural fibrosis
(6) abnormal sport indices (EDWT to LVEDVi ratio; LVM/LVEDV ratio; etc)
