A patient with antiphospholipid syndrome may present with
(1) antiphospholipid antibodies
(2) malignant hypertension
(3) livedo reticularis
(4) thrombotic disease
(5) proteinuria
Renal manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome nephropathy (APSN):
(1) renal artery stenosis
(2) renal arterial or venous thrombosis
(3) cortical infarction or focal cortical atrophy
(4) thrombotic microangiopathy
(5) small vessel vasculopathy (fibrous intimal hyperplasia, fibrous occlusions, etc)
(6) glomerulopathy including membranous pattern, ischemic collapse, or microthrombi
The nephropathy can be part of a mixed nephropathy in patients with diabetes, renal transplant, SLE, or other conditions.
Untreated antiphospholipid syndrome nephropathy is associated with a poor renal outcome.
