Shapes of Martin and Saller for the Female Breast

 

Parameters measured with the woman standing upright:

(1) radius at the base of the breast in centimeters

(2) anterior projection of the breast in centimeters

(3) direction of papilla (nipple)

 

ratio of anterior projection to radius =

= (anterior projection in cm) / (radius at the base in cm)

Ratio of anterior projection to radius	Direction of the Nipple	Shape
< 1	outward	bowl
1	outward	hemispherical
> 1	outward	conical
> 1	downward	dependent

 

where:

• The direction of the nipple can be measured as the angle between a line from the papillae to the center of the breast and a line in the midclavicular line over the ribs. I would think an angle < 60 degrees would indicate a downward direction.

• I will use a range for the ratio from 0.95 to 1.05 for the hemispherical shape.