Heterotopic ossification may occur in patients with one or more risk factors.
Trauma:
(1) multiple fractures
(2) joint dislocations
(3) incisions or wounds
(4) head injury
(5) spinal cord injury
(6) large muscle hematoma
(7) severe burns
Post-operative, especially after orthopedic procedures
CNS and/or spinal disease:
(1) stroke
(2) brain tumor
(3) paraplegia or quadriplegia
(4) poliomyelitis or tetanus
(5) multiple sclerosis
Drug-induced immobilization:
(1) prolonged sedation
(2) drug-induced paralysis in the ICU (typically associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation)
Joint disorders:
(1) ankylosing spondylitis
(2) psoriatic arthritis
(3) spondylarthropathy
(4) diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis
Cardiovascular disease:
(1) valvular heart disease
(2) atherosclerosis
Hematologic disorders:
(1) sickle cell anemia
(2) hemophilia
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Specialty: Surgery, orthopedic
